E-Discovery Glossary

J

Janitor Program An application that runs at scheduled intervals to manage business information by deleting, transferring, or archiving online data (such as email) that is at or past its scheduled active life. Janitor programs are sometimes referred to as "agents""software that runs autonomously "behind the scenes" on user systems and servers to carry out business processes according to predefined rules. Janitor programs must include a facility to support disposition and process holds.

Java Sun Microsystems" Java is a platformindependent, programming language for adding animation and other actions to websites.

Jaz (or Jazz) Drive A removable disc drive. A Jaz drive holds up to 2 GB of data. Commonly used for backup storage as well as everyday use.

JMS Jukebox Management Software. See Jukebox.

Journal A chronological record of data processing operations that may be used to reconstruct a previous or an updated version of a file. In database management systems, it is the record of all stored data items that have values changed as a result of processing and manipulation of the data.

Journaling A function of email systems (such as Microsoft Exchange and Lotus Notes) that copies sent and received items into a second information store for retention or preservation. Because Journaling takes place at the information store (server) level when the items are sent or received, rather than at the mailbox (client) level, some messagerelated metadata, such as user foldering (what folder the item is stored in within the recipient´s mailbox) and the status of the "read" flag, is not retained in the journaled copy. The Journaling function stores items in the system´s native format, unlike email archiving solutions, that use proprietary storage formats designed to reduce the amount of storage space required. Journaling systems may also lack the sophisticated search and retrieval capabilities available with many email archiving solutions.

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) A compression algorithm for still images that is commonly used on the web.

Jukebox A mass storage device that holds optical discs and loads them into a drive.

Jump Drive See Key Drive.

K Back to top

Kerning Adjusting the spacing between two letters.

Key Drive A small removable data storage device that uses flash memory and connects via a USB port. Key drives are also known as keychain drive, thumb drive, jump drive, and/or USB flash drive. Can be imaged and may contain residual data. Metadata detail may not be the equivalent of ESI maintained in more robust storage media.

Key Field Database fields used for document searches and retrieval.

Keyword Any specified word, or combination of words, used in a search, with the intent of locating certain results.

Kilobyte (KB) A unit of 1,024 bytes. See Byte.

Kofax Board The generic term for a series of image processing boards manufactured by Kofax Imaging Processing. These are used between the scanner and the computer, and perform realtime image compression and decompression for faster image viewing, image enhancement, and corrections to the input to account for conditions such as document misalignment.

L Back to top

LAN (Local Area Network) A group of computers at a single location (usually an office or home) that are connected by phone lines, coaxial cable or wireless transmission. See Network.

Landscape Mode The image is represented on the page or monitor such that the width is greater than the height (Horizontal).

Laser Disc Same as an optical CD, except 12" in diameter.

Laser Printing A beam of light hits an electrically charged drum and causes a discharge at that point. Toner is then applied, which sticks to the noncharged areas. Paper is pressed against the drum to form the image and is then heated to dry the toner. Used in laser printers and copying machines.

Latency The time it takes to read a disc (or jukebox), including the time to physically position the media under the read/write head, seek the correct address and transfer it.

Latent Data Latent or ambient data are deleted files and other ESI that are inaccessible without specialized forensic tools and techniques. Until overwritten, these data reside on media such as a hard drive in unused space and other areas available for data storage.

Latent Semantic Indexing and Analysis A statistical method for finding the underlying dimensions of correlated terms. For example, words like law, lawyer, attorney, lawsuit, etc., all share some meaning. The presence of any one of them in a document could be recognized as indicating something consistent about the topic of the document. Latent Semantic Analysis uses statistics to allow the system to exploit these correlations for concept searching and clustering.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Two polarizing transparent panels with a liquid crystal surface between; application of voltage to certain areas causes the crystal to turn dark, and a light source behind the panel transmits though crystals not darkened.

Leading The amount of space between lines of printed text.

Legacy Data, Legacy System Legacy Data is ESI in which an organization may have invested significant resources, but has been created or stored by the use of software and/or hardware that has become obsolete or replaced ("legacy systems"). Legacy data may be costly to restore or reconstruct when required for investigation or litigation analysis or discovery.

Legal Hold A legal hold is a communication issued as a result of current or reasonably anticipated litigation, audit, government investigation or other such matter that suspends the normal disposition or processing of records. Legal holds may encompass procedures affecting data that is accessible as well as data that is not reasonably accessible. The specific communication to business or IT organizations may also be called a "hold," "preservation order," "suspension order," "freeze notice," "hold order," or "hold notice." See, The Sedona Conference Commentary on Legal Holds, August 2007 Public Comment Version, available for download at http://www.thesedonaconference.org.

Level Coding Used in Bibliographical coding to facilitate different treatment, such as prioritization or more thorough extraction of data, for different categories of documents, such as by type or source.

LFP IPRO Tech´s image cross reference file; an ASCII delimited text file required for crossreference of images to data.

Lifecycle The records lifecycle is the life span of a record from its creation or receipt to its final disposition. It is usually described in three stages: creation, maintenance and use, and archive to final disposition.

Line Screen The number of halftone dots that can be printed per inch. As a general rule, newspapers print at 65 to 85 lpi.

Link See Hyperlink.

Load file A file that relates to a set of scanned images or electronically processed files, and indicates where individual pages or files belong together as documents, to include attachments, and where each document begins and ends. A load file may also contain data relevant to the individual documents, such as metadata, coded data, text, and the like. Load files must be obtained and provided in prearranged formats to ensure transfer of accurate and usable images and data.

Local Area Network (LAN) See Network.

Locale A set of parameters that define language, country and any special system configurations that correspond to the language and country. For example, locale typically determines the date format (month first in the US, day first in the UK), the time format (12hour clock in the US, 24hour clock in some European countries), the keyboard layout, and so forth. These settings can be overridden, but the locale sets the default.

Logical File Space The actual amount of space occupied by a file on a hard drive. The amount of logical file space differs from the physical file space because when a file is created on a computer, a sufficient number of clusters (physical file space) are assigned to contain the file. If the file (logical file space) is not large enough to completely fill the assigned clusters (physical file space) then some unused space will exist within the physical file space.

Logical Unitization See Unitization Physical and Logical.

Logical Volume An area on the hard drive that has been formatted for files storage. A hard drive may contain a single or multiple volumes.

Lossless Compression Exact construction of image, bitbybit, with no loss of information.

Lossy Compression Reduces storage size of image by reducing the resolution and color fidelity while maintaining minimum acceptable standard for general use. A lossy image is one where the image after compression is different from the original image due to lost information. The differences may or may not be noticeable, but a lossy conversion process does not retain all the original information. JPEG is an example of a lossy compression method.

Lotus Domino An IBM server product providing enterpriselevel email, collaboration capabilities, and custom application platform; began life as Lotus Notes Server, the server component of Lotus Development Corporation´s clientserver messaging technology. Can be used as an application server for Lotus Notes applications and/or as a web server. Has a builtin database system in the format of .NSF.

Lotus Notes See Lotus Domino.

Lpi (lines per inch) The number of lines in an inch, as found on screens that create halftones and fourcolor process images. The more lines per inch, the more detailed the image. With the growth of computergenerated imagery, the term dpi is quickly replacing the term lpi.

Lumen Measure of brightness often associated with the amount of light output of a projector.

LTO (Linear TapeOpen) A type of backup tape that can hold as much as 800 GB of data, or 1200 CDs depending on the data file format.

LZW (LempelZiv & Welch) A common, lossless compression standard for computer graphics, used for most TIFF files. Typical compression ratios are 4/1.